Influence of visceral lipids obesity on the early postoperative complications after radical gastrectomy / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the effect of visceral fat area (VFA) on the surgical efficacy and early postoperative complications of radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Methods: A retrospective cohort study method was used. Clinicopathological data and preoperative imaging data of 195 patients who underwent D2 radical gastric cancer surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from January 2014 to December 2017 were analyzed retrospectively. Inclusion criteria: (1) complete clinicopathological and imaging data; (2) malignant gastric tumor diagnosed by preoperative pathology, and gastric cancer confirmed by postoperative pathology; (3) no preoperative complications such as bleeding, obstruction or perforation, and no distant metastasis. Those who had a history of abdominal surgery, concurrent malignant tumors, poor basic conditions, emergency surgery, palliative resection, and preoperative neoadjuvant therapy were excluded. The VFA was calculated by software and VFA ≥ 100 cm2 was defined as visceral obesity according to the Japan Obesity Association criteria . The patients were divided into high VFA (VFA-H, VFA≥100 cm2, n=96) group and low VFA (VFA-L, VFA<100 cm2, n=99) group . The clinicopathological characteristics, surgical outcomes and early postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression models were used to analyze the risk factors of early complications. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze predictive values of VFA for early complications. Pearson's χ2 test was used to analyze the correlation between BMI and VFA. Results: There were no significant differences in terms of gender, age, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification, preoperative comorbidities, preoperative anemia, tumor TNM staging, N staging, T staging and tumor differentiation, surgical method, extent of resection, and tumor location between the VFA-L group and the VFA-H group (all P>0.05). However, patients in the VFA-H group had higher BMI, larger tumor, lower rate of hypoalbuminemia and greater subcutaneous fat area (SFA) (all P<0.05). The VFA-H group presented significantly longer operation time and significantly less number of harvested lymph nodes as compared to the VFA-L group (both P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in intraoperative blood loss, conversion to laparotomy and postoperative hospital stay (all P>0.05). Complications of Clavien-Dindo grade II and above within 30 days after operation were mainly anastomosis-related complications (leakage, bleeding, infection and stricture), intestinal obstruction and incision infection. The VFA-H group had a higher morbidity of early complications compared to the VFA-L group [24.0% (23/96) vs 10.1% (10/99), χ2=6.657, P=0.010], and the rates of anastomotic complications and incision infection were also higher in the VFA group [10.4% (10/96) vs. 3.0% (3/99), χ2=4.274, P=0.039; 7.3% (7/96) vs. 1.0% (1/99), P=0.033]. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that high BMI (OR=3.688, 95%CI: 1.685-8.072, P=0.001) and high VFA (OR=2.526, 95%CI: 1.148-5.559,P=0.021) were independent risk factors for early complications. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of VFA for predicting early complications was 0.645, which was higher than that of body weight (0.591), BMI (0.624) and SFA (0.626). Correlation analysis indicated that there was a significantly positive correlation between BMI and VFA (r=0.640, P<0.001). Conclusion: VFA ≥ 100 cm2 is an independent risk factor for early complications after radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer.It can better predict the occurrence of above early postoperative complications.

Efficacy of laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy with double-tract reconstruction versus laparoscopic total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction for early upper gastric cancer / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To compare clinical efficacy between laparoscopic radical proximal gastrectomy with double-tract reconstruction (LPG-DTR) and laparoscopic radical total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction (LTG-RY) in patients with early upper gastric cancer, and to provide a reference for the selection of surgical methods in early upper gastric cancer. Methods: A retrospective cohort study method was carried out. Clinical data of 80 patients with early upper gastric cancer who underwent LPG-DTR or LTG-RY by the same surgical team at the Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from January 2018 to January 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into the DTR group (32 cases) and R-Y group (48 cases) according to surgical procedures and digestive tract reconstruction methods. Surgical and pathological characteristics, postoperative complications (short-term complications within 30 days after surgery and long-term complications after postoperative 30 days), survival time and nutritinal status were compared between the two groups. For nutritional status, reduction rate was used to represent the changes in total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, body mass, hemoglobin and vitamin B12 levels at postoperative 1-year and 2-year. Non-normally distributed continuous data were presented as median (interquartile range), and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between groups. The χ(2) test or Fisher's exact test was used for comparison of data between groups. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the ranked data between groups. The survival rate was calculated by Kaplan-Meier method categorical, and compared by using the log-rank test. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in baseline data betweeen the two groups, except that patients in the R-Y group were oldere and had larger tumor. Patients of both groups successfully completed the operation without conversion to laparotomy, combined organ resection, or perioperative death. There were no significant differences in the distance from proximal resection margin to superior margin of tumor, postoperative hospital stay, time to flatus and food-taking, hospitalization cost, short- and long-term complications between the two groups (all P>0.05). Compared with the R-Y group, the DTR group had shorter distal margins [(3.2±0.5) cm vs. (11.7±2.0) cm, t=-23.033, P<0.001], longer surgery time [232.5 (63.7) minutes vs. 185.0 (63.0) minutes, Z=-3.238, P=0.001], longer anastomosis time [62.5 (17.5) minutes vs. 40.0 (10.0) minutes, Z=-6.321, P<0.001], less intraoperative blood loss [(138.1±51.6) ml vs. (184.3±62.1) ml, t=-3.477, P=0.001], with significant differences (all P<0.05). The median follow-up of the whole group was 18 months, and the 2-year cancer-specific survival rate was 97.5%, with 100% in the DTR group and 95.8% in the R-Y group (P=0.373). Compared with R-Y group at postoperative 1 year, the reduction rate of weight, hemoglobin and vitamin B12 were lower in DTR group with significant differences (all P<0.05); at postoperative 2-year, the reduction rate of vitamin B12 was still lower with significant differences (P<0.001), but the reduction rates of total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, body weight and hemoglobin were similar between the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusions: LPG-DTR is safe and feasible in the treatment of early upper gastric cancer. The short-term postoperative nutritional status and long-term vitamin B12 levels of patients undergoing LPG-DTR are superior to those undergoing LTG-RY.

Reproductive outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection using testicular sperm and ejaculated sperm in patients with AZFc microdeletions: a systematic review and meta-analysis / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Studies have explored the assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes of Y-chromosome azoospermia factor c (AZFc) microdeletions, but the effect of sperm source on intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) remains unknown. To determine the ART results of ICSI using testicular sperm and ejaculated sperm from males with AZFc microdeletions, we searched Embase, Web of Science, and PubMed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis. The first meta-analysis results for 106 cycles in five studies showed no significant differences in the live birth rate between the testicular sperm group and the ejaculated sperm group (risk ratio: 0.97, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73-1.28, P = 0.82). The second meta-analysis of 106 cycles in five studies showed no difference in the abortion rate between the testicular sperm group and ejaculated sperm group (risk ratio: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.54-2.06, P = 0.87). The third meta-analysis of 386 cycles in seven studies showed no significant difference in clinical pregnancy rates between the testicular sperm group and the ejaculated sperm group (risk ratio: 1.24, 95% CI: 0.66-2.34, P = 0.50). Inevitable heterogeneity weakened our results. However, our results indicated that testicular sperm and ejaculated sperm yield similar ART outcomes, representing a meaningful result for clinical treatment. More properly designed studies are needed to further confirm our conclusions.

Divergent effects of lycopene on pancreatic alpha and beta cells / 生理学报

Lycopene is an antioxidant which has potential anti-diabetic activity, but the cellular mechanisms have not been clarified. In this study, different concentrations of lycopene were used to treat pancreatic alpha and beta cell lines, and the changes of cell growth, cell apoptosis, cell cycle, reactive oxygen species (ROS), ATP levels and expression of related cytokines were determined. The results exhibited that lycopene did not affect cell growth, cell apoptosis, cell cycle, ROS and ATP levels of alpha cells, while it promoted the growth of beta cells, increased the ratio of S phase, reduced the ROS levels and increased the ATP levels of beta cells. At the same time, lycopene treatment elevated the mRNA expression levels of tnfα, tgfβ and hif1α in beta cells. These findings suggest that lycopene plays cell-specific role and activates pancreatic beta cells, supporting its application in diabetes therapy.

Endoscopic full-thickness resection for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor originating from the muscularis propria

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study retrospectively reviewed 46 cases of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors treated by endoluminal endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFR) microsurgery in our gastrointestinal endoscopy center. We aimed to evaluate the EFR for the treatment of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria. METHODS: A total of 46 patients with gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors originated from the muscularis propria layer from January 2012 to June 2015 were treated with EFR. The patients were followed up with gastroscope and computed tomography (CT) for evaluation of therapeutic effect and safety. RESULTS: EFR was successfully accomplished to remove all tumors in 46 patients. The mean procedure time was 82.5±39.8min (56-188min). Except in 3 leiomyomas, pathological examination confirmed gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in 43 cases. None of the patients had occurred bleeding, peritonitis and other complications after EFR. Thereafter, all patients were followed up with gastro-scope after 1, 6,12 months. CONCLUSIONS: EFR is effective and safe for patients with gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors originated from muscularis propria layer and has the advantage of less invasive treatment and higher tumor resection rate. It should be considered for further application.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Este estudo revisou retrospectivamente 46 casos de tumores gástricos estromáticos gastrointestinais tratados por microcirurgia endoluminal endoscópica de ressecção completa (EFR) em nosso centro de endoscopia gastrointestinal. Pretendemos avaliar a EFR para o tratamento de tumores gastrointestinais estromáticos originários da muscularis própria. MÉTODOS: Um total de 46 pacientes com tumores gástricos estromáticos gastrointestinais originários da camada muscular própria, de janeiro de 2012 a junho de 2015, foi tratado com EFR. Os pacientes foram acompanhados com gastroscópio e tomografia computadorizada (TC) para avaliação de efeitos terapêuticos e segurança. RESULTADOS: A EFR foi realizada com sucesso para remover todos os tumores em 46 pacientes. O tempo médio de procedimento foi de 82,5±39,8 min (56-188 min). Exceto em três leiomiomas, exame patológico confirmou tumor estromal gastrointestinal (Gist) em 43 casos. Em nenhum paciente ocorreu sangramento, peritonite e outras complicações após EFR. Posteriormente, todos os pacientes foram acompanhados com gastroscópio após um, seis e 12 meses. CONCLUSÕES: A EFR é eficaz e segura para pacientes com tumores gastrointestinais originários da camada muscular própria e tem a vantagem de ser um tratamento menos invasivo e com maior taxa de ressecção tumoral. Deve ser considerada para posterior aplicação.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress and renal lesion in mice with combination of high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetes

ABSTRACT PURPOSE : To investigate in the kidney the pathologic changes and expression of GRP78 and CHOP in the Kunming (KM) mice with combination of high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetes. METHODS : Sixty two male KM mice were randomly divided into a normal control (NC) group (n=20) and a high-fat diet (HFD) group (n=42). After a four-week dietary manipulation, the KM mice in the HFD group were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin to induce diabetes. After diabetic models were successfully established, the kidneys were excised and conserved for further test. RESULTS : No significant difference in the body weight was observed after the dietary manipulation (p=0.554). After the streptozotocin was injected, fasting blood glucose levels in the diabetes group (DM) were significantly higher than that in the NC group (p＜0.0001). Glomerular atrophy observed under light microscope in the DM group was more serious compared with the NC group. The expression of GRP78 and CHOP in the kidneys of the mice in the DM group were higher compared with the NC group. CONCLUSION : Renal lesion occurs in the diabetic Kunming mice induced by combination of high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin, and endoplasmic reticulum stress and CHOP may contribute to the injury process.

Comparison of postoperative analgesia between transversus abdominis plane block and caudal block for Hirschsprung??s disease / 临床麻醉学杂志

Objective To compare the analgesia effect of transversus abdominis plane(TAP) block and caudal block after radical surgery of Hirschsprung’s disease.Methods Sixty pediatric pa-tients,52 males,8 females,aged 1-3 yr,of ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,scheduled for elective rad-ical surgery on Hirschsprung’s disease,were equally randomized into TAP block group(group TAP) and caudal block group (group CA).0.2% ropivacaine 1 ml/kg was used in both blocks.FLAAC scores were measured at 6,12,18 and 24 h after surgery.The requirement of sufentanil every 6 h, the first passage of flatus,the time of removing urine tube and the incidence of nausea and vomiting within 24 hours were recorded.Results Compared with group TAP,FLAAC scores and the require-ment of sufentanil were significantly decreased at 6 h after operation in group CA(P <0.05).FLAAC scores and the requirement of sufentanil were similar at 12,18 and 24 h in the two groups.The first passage of flatus,the time of removing urine tube in group TAP were significantly shorter than group CA(P < 0.05 ).The incidence of nausea and vomiting were not significantly different in the two groups.Conclusion Although both TAP block and caudal block can provide effective analgesia for the pediatric patients after radical surgery on Hirschsprung’s disease,caudal block provided superior anal-gesia at early stage after operation,however,TAP block is more beneficial for earlier recovery of bowl function.

Pharmacognostical study of Atropa belladonna / 中国中药杂志

Based on the research of plant taxonomy and botanical investigation, microscopic characteristics of the root, stem, leaf transverse section and powder of Atropa belladonna were studied for identification of the herb. The research detailed and made clear to the description identification and microscopic characteristics of officinal parts of the herbs. The work provided reference for the identification of A. belladonna herbs and pieces of work in the future, as well as a theoretical basis for the further research, development, medicinal use and the upgrading of quality standards.

Determination of forsythiaside B and poliumoside in different origin and parts from Callicarpa kwangtungensis / 中国中药杂志

The RP-HPLC method was used to determinate the contents of forsythiaside B and poliumoside in different origin and parts from Callicarpa kwangtungensis. The linear ranges of forsythiaside B and poliumoside were 0. 106-3. 18 and 0. 105 2-3. 156 microg, respectively. The average recoveries of forythiaside B and poliumoside were 99. 01% ( RSD 1. 2%) and 100. 13% (RSD 0. 90% ), respectively. The contents of forsythiaside B and poliumoside were changed in different origin and parts from C. kwangtungensis. The sample from the area of Luxi, Pingxiang City, Jiangxi Province has the highest contents of forsythiaside B and poliumoside. The contents of forsythiaside B and poliumoside in different parts from C. kwangtungensis in Luxi are: leaf > stem > fruit. This result will provide a scientific basis for quality control and reasonable utilzation of C. kwangtungensis.

High-frequency ultrasonography for epididymal stasis after vasectomy / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the clinical application of high-frequency ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of epididymal stasis after vasectomy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We retrospectively studied the sonographic characteristics of 23 cases of epididymal stasis treated by vasectomy, which were divided into a mild (n = 5), a moderate (n = 11) and a severe group (n = 7) according to the results of color Doppler flow imaging. We analyzed the significance of high-frequency ultrasonography in the treatment of epididymal stasis after vasectomy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>High-frequency ultrasonography revealed 14 cases of increased bilateral epididymal volume, 6 cases of left epididymal thickening and 3 cases of right epididymal thickening, mainly the thickening of the epididymal body and tail. After conservative treatment, 18 of the epididymal stasis cases (5 mild, 11 moderate and 2 severe) were improved, and the other 5 severe cases significantly relieved and discharged from hospital following conservative treatment combined with vasectomy reversal.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Post-vasectomy epididymal stasis has typical sonographic characteristics, and high-frequency ultrasonography has an extremely important application value in the clinical classification, diagnosis and treatment of the disease.</p>

Long-term effect of surgical treatment in male infertility patients with varicocele / 中国综合临床

Objective To observe the long-term effect of surgical treatment in infertile varicocele patients. Methods 180 infertile patients with varicocele accepted modified Palomo operation (retroperitoneal high ligation of internal spermatic cord vein) from 2004 to 2007, and the long-term effect of thesurgery were analyzed retrospectively, such as semen parameters and spouse pregnancy. Results The operations were performed successfully in 180 cases, and semen parameters improved significantly after the surgery (Ps ＜ 0. 05 ).Among all patients, 10 cases had spouse pregnancy within 3 months after operation;47 cases had spouse pregnancy from 3 to 6 months after operation; 25 cases had spouse pregnancy from 6 to 12 months after operation;13 cases had spouse pregnancy from 12 to 24 months after operation. The fertility rate was 52. 8% (95/180) in total. Conclusion Surgical treatment of infertile male patients with varicocele has good long-term effects, made it the first choice in these patients.

Relationship between testis volume and types of spermatogenic cells from testicular biopsy in patients with azoospermia or cryptozoospermia / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the relationship between the testis volume and types of spermatogenic cells derived from testicular biopsy in patients with azoospermia or cryptozoospermia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We collected testicular pathological biopsies from 492 infertile patients with azoospermia or cryptozoospermia reported in our hospital, classified them according to the testicular histological classification methods in WHO Manual for Standardized Investigation, Diagnosis and Management of the Infertile Male, and analyzed the relationship of the testis volume with the results of semen analyses and testicular histology.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 492 cases, 90.5% (445/492) were azoospermia and 9.5% (47/492) cryptozoospermia; mature spermatozoa were present in the seminiferous tubules in 17.9% (88/492) but absent in 42.9% (211/492), and Sertoli cell-only syndrome indicated in 39.2% (193/492); the testis volume was < or = 10 ml in 38.6% (190/492) and < or = 5 ml in 7.9% (39/492). Cryptozoospermia was detected in 14.8% (13/88) of those with mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules, in 11.4% (24/211) of those without, and in 5.2% (10/193) of those with Sertoli cell-only syndrome, with a significantly lower rate in the latter group than in the former two (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Spermatogenesis of the testis may be focal and difficult to be completely reflected by a single testicular biopsy, and it may exist even if the testis volume is significantly below the reference value. The indications for testicular biopsy should not be improperly expanded. The WHO testicular histological classification methods have provided a convenient and effective guidance for further clinical examinations and establishment of a protocol.</p>

Chromosome abnormalities and Y chromosome microdeletions in patients with the azoospermia and cryptozoospermia / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the incidence of the chromosome abnormalities and Y chromosome microdeletions in Chinese patients with azoospermia and cryptozoospermia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Conventional chromosomal karyotyping was used to analyze the chromosome abnormalities. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples and multiplex polymerase chain reactions (PCR) analyses were performed using specific primers to confirm the presence or absence of Y chromosome microdeletions. A total of 997 patients with azoospermia and cryptozoospermia were enrolled in the study.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence of chromosome abnormalities in the patient with azoospermia and cryptozoospermia was 28.4%. The major abnormal karyotypes included 47,XXY, 46,XY (Y>G), 46,XX, chimera and translocations. The incidence of the Y chromosome microdeletions was 17.4%. They were mainly found in the karyotypes of 46,XY and 46,XY (Y>G).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Chromosome abnormalities were the most common hereditary causes of the patients with azoospermia and cryptozoospermia. The incidence of Y chromosome microdeletion was higher in the patients with karyotype of 46,XY and 46,XY (Y>G). Therefore, detection of the AZF microdeletion in these patients is helpful to determine the etiology and avoid the unnecessary treatment and vertical transmission of the genetic defects.</p>

The study on relativity of the time of traumatic diskal hernia and the change of CT rate / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To find out the relativity between the time when the traumatic prolapse of intervertebral disc occurred and the change of the CT numerical value.@*METHODS@#The CT numerical value of the vertebral pulp of herniation (denoted as A) and the CT numerical value of the vertebral pulp without herniation (denoted as B) were measured in for 198 patients and analyzed the relation between this parameter and the time when the prolapse of intervertebral disc occurred.@*RESULTS@#It's found find out that there is relativity between the parameter and the time when the prolapse of intervertebral disc occurred, and this difference has the value for the statistics, when the parameter is at about -12 to -40 HU, the average value is -25.8 HU (A < B), it can be determined the prolapse of intervertebral disc occurred within 3 months ago. When the parameter is at about -13 to 0 HU, the average value is -6.6HU (A is similar with B), it can be determined the prolapse of intervertebral disc occurred at about 4-6 months ago. When the parameter is at about 37 to 289HU, the average value is 96.1 HU (A > B). It can be determined the prolapse of intervertebral disc occurred more than 12 months ago.@*CONCLUSION@#The approximate time can be determined when the prolapse of interverterbral disc occurred by the paremeter.

The clinical analysis of 260 sporadic hepatitis E / 中国基层医药

0.05), but the level of albumin dropped significantly(P

THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF A FLOUR MILLING BYPRODUCT VITAMIN-MINERAL ENRICHED FLOUR ON RATS / 营养学报

The vitamin-mineral enriched flour (VMF) was a byproduct obtained from a new processing technique of flour milling, and rich in vitamin B group, minerals and dietary fibers.The addition of 10 or 20% VMF to the stock diet composed mainly of white flour failed to improve PER and growth rate of young rats. When the rats were fed the tested diet for 6 weeks, in which the VMF served as the only diet source ot riboflavin, blood glutathione reductase activity coefficient was 1.13 and 1.09 respectively. This indicated that the amount of riboflavin supplied by VMF could maintain an adequate level in the body of the rats.Adult rats were fed high cholesterol plus 10, 20 and 30% VMF, the contents of serum cholesterol, liver lipids and liver cholesterol were similar to those of the normal diet group, these contents, however, in control group were increased obviously. The results suggested that VMF could protect the rats from the increment of serum cholesterol, liver lipids and cholesterol.

THE EFFECT OF ZEA POLLINIUM ON ANTIOXIDATION IN VIVO IN RATS / 营养学报

The antioxidation of Zea pollinium in rats was studied. Twenty four 5-month old Wistar rats were selected, and randomly divided into control group (basal diet) and bee pollen group (diet containing 10% bee pollen). After feeding with the diet for 10 weeks, the results showed that the MDA levels in serum and liver were 5.73 ?0.22nmol/ml and 0.1951 ? 0.0049nmol/mg protain respectively in the bee pollen group, obviously lower than those of the control group (8.23?0.21nmol/ml and 0.2497?0.0083nmol/mg protein) (p

BLOCKING EFFECT OF SEA BUCKTHORN JUICE ON THE FORMATION OF N-NITROSODIMETHYLANIINE (NDMA) IN VIVO IN RAT / 营养学报

The formation of carcinomas of liver, lung and kidney in rats by feeding aminopyrine (AP) plus sodium nitrite (Na NO2) in diet was investigated. 72 young Wister rats were divided into A,B,C,D group. Group A was set as control receiving basal diet and tap water. Another 3 groups were given basal diet containing AP plus Na NO2 (2g/kg each). However, group B was given tap water, group C ascorbic acid solution, group D sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) juice for drinking. After 38 week's feeding, group B developed tumors in the livers (17/17), lungs (6/17) and kidneys (4/17) and the average life-span was 195 days, group D delayed the development of tumors and the average life-span was 270 days, significantly longer than that of group B (195 days, p